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Activity: Tin Can Bee Hotels

August 30, 2022 by Jenny Hooper

This is an ideal activity to take part in for Recycle Week (20th-25th September) Give it a go and share your pictures with us on our social media channels!

Materials:

  • Tin can
  • Dead, hollow stems or bamboo canes
  • Scissors and string (or garden wire)
  • Acrylic paint to decorate (optional)

Method: 

  1. Clean up your tin can
  2. Gather up sticks and hollow stems or bamboo canes and cut them to size. You need to make sure that they are just shorter than the length of the can
  3. Poke the sticks and hollow stems into the can so they are nice and tight and don’t wiggle around
  4. Wrap your string or wire around around the can and tie securely around the branch of a tree or a sunny spot outside
  5. (Optional) decorate your bee hotel by using acrylic paints. You can either choose to make it blend in, or make it stand out with bright colours!

 

Filed Under: Activities Tagged With: Activity, Bamboo Canes, Bee Hotel, Bees, Create, Paint, Recycle Week, Sticks

Nature Positive Scotland

August 4, 2022 by admin

We are facing a nature and climate emergency.

The signs are all around us.

It’s clearer than ever the climate is in crisis with temperatures in Scotland reaching record highs again last week – the UK’s 10 warmest years since 1884 have been in the last two decades – and wildfires in England, Spain, France, Portugal, Greece, California and even Alaska. 

And the same is true for nature. This year, avian influenza has killed tens of thousands of seabirds across Scotland and pushed a number of species into severe decline. But many of Scotland’s seabirds (and other wildlife) were already in severe trouble due to other pressures caused by human activity.  

Globally, nature is being lost faster than ever. In Scotland, historical nature loss means we live in one of the most nature-depleted countries in the world and we are still losing nature now: since 1970 half of Scotland’s species have declined and 1 in 9 is currently estimated to be at risk of national extinction. 

Solving the twin nature and climate crisis requires twin goals: Net Zero and Nature Positive.

A Nature Positive Scotland by 2030, adapted from the Global Goal for Nature. For more information please visit https://www.naturepositive.org/

 

A Nature Positive Scotland is one where by 2030 there is more nature than there is today, and by 2045 Scotland’s nature is well on its way to full recovery.

Net Zero and Nature Positive can and must be achieved together: restoring nature can be a huge part of the climate solution, as restoring habitats like peatlands, native woodlands, saltmarsh and our oceans to a healthy state will help lock up carbon, as well as helping wildlife to thrive.

But we also need action to help species, the building blocks of ecosystems, which are in peril.

The challenges nature faces are too big for individual action alone to solve. All parts of government, the economy and society must work together to protect and restore nature.

Right now, the Scottish Government is consulting on its new Biodiversity Strategy which should define how Scotland will respond to the global nature crisis here at home from now until 2045. It’s a key opportunity for the Scottish Government to make good on their ambitious words and show they are taking action for nature.    

The consultation is also an excellent opportunity for us to use our voices and come together to ask, or perhaps demand, that they take the action that is needed.  

Until 12 September, you can take part in the consultation directly at www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-biodiversity-strategy-consultation. There are 40 questions you can respond to. If this sounds like a lot, don’t worry, the RSPB will write a future blog about feedback which you might find helpful.

You can also take part in the e-action to send a letter to the consultation team and Lorna Slater, the Minister for Green Skills, Circular Economy and Biodiversity. The letter sets out the key changes we think are needed (read more below) and is editable for you to add your own thoughts. Click here to send yours. 

We think the draft strategy is a start but doesn’t yet match the scale of the challenge. To do that, we believe some key changes are needed.

Credit- Flow Country: Andy Hay

 

We believe the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy should have three things at its heart:

Species recovery – Species are the building blocks of our natural environment, but nearly half our species have declined since 1970. We need the Strategy to include a national programme of species recovery that reverses this loss of wildlife and allows species such as puffins, beavers, oak trees, bumblebees, butterflies and toads to thrive.

 

Ecosystem regeneration –too many of our rivers, mountains, native forests, lochs, coasts and seas are degraded. We need the Strategy to include a national programme to restore these wild places with our most important nature sites protected and nurtured, and wider nature networks to be created so nature thrives everywhere.

 

Targets – There’s not much point of a strategy that doesn’t set clear goals that are meaningful and measurable. We need the Strategy to set ambitious, specific targets that will drive nature’s recovery by 2045. And we need them to be legally binding.

 

We’re expecting the outcome to be published in autumn and hopefully by then we will have a strategy that will mean no more loss of nature by 2030 and set us on the path to nature’s recovery by 2045 in Scotland.

 

Nature is in crisis. Together we can save it, but we must act now!

 

 

Filed Under: Campaigns Tagged With: Climate Emergency, Ecosystem Regeneration, Nature Positive, Nature Positive by 2030, Nature Recovery, Net Zero, Scotland, Scottish Biodiversity Strategy, Species Recovery

Activity: Traditional Marshmallows

July 21, 2022 by Chantel Carr

Out on our Froglife reserves the pathways are carpeted with lots of wildflowers and plants. Hampton is extremely lucky to have a blanket of narrow-leaved birds-foot trefoil which is great for lots of invertebrates.

Here our Reserve Warden, Chantel, gives us some information on a very common plant that you can forage even if you do not have access to a green space, as they grow on kerbsides!

Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris) is a very common wild flower that grows on most soil types and thrives in urban wasteland and roadsides. It contains blood-sugar-controlling insulin, antioxidants, vitamins A, B and C along with nourishing our skin and airways.

Common Mallow. Credit: Eden Jackson

 

Historically marshmallows were made using mallow root but it is now replaced with gelatine. Here is the traditional marshmallow recipe:

Ingredients:

  1. 500ml of water
  2. 10cm of fresh mallow root
  3. 125g of sugar
  4. 75g glucose syrup
  5. 1 egg white
  6. Flavouring of your choice (vanilla, orange blossom, rose water etc.)
  7. Small amount of oil 

 

Method:

  1. Boil the 500ml of water in a pan and add the fresh mallow root. Leave on a low heat and stir occasionally until the liquid thickens. 
  2. Strain and pour 100ml of the mallow root liquid into a saucepan, adding the sugar and the glucose syrup. Bring to boil until reaching 121 degrees on a sugar thermometer.
  3. In a bowl whisk 1 egg white to form stiff peaks, then slowly add the mallow root-infused syrup. Keep whisking for 10 minutes.
  4. Add your choice of flavouring
  5. Use your oil to oil a dish and pour your mixture into it. Leave to set overnight 

 

Filed Under: Activities Tagged With: Activity, cooking, Mallow, Mallow Root, Malva sylvestris, marshmallows, recipe, traditional, wild flowers

What our animals are doing this month…

July 21, 2022 by admin

As we approach the end of summer our newt larvae will absorb their gills and depending on their development, will start to leave the water as ‘newtlets’ or efts in August. Great crested newt larvae are the biggest of our newt species, reaching lengths of 50-90cm before metamorphosis.

Great Crested newt larvae, palmate newt larvae and smooth newt larvae develop better in warmer waters as metamorphosis can happen faster. Indeed, cooler conditions and shaded ponds mean that larvae develop slower. In terms of what larvae eat when they are developing, they eat amphibian larvae and a variety of aquatic invertebrates, yum!

However, some newts will decide to overwinter as larvae and develop in the following year. Adult newts can still be seen in and around ponds searching for, and hunting for food in August.

From September onwards, our newts will be seeking shelter and somewhere to overwinter during the autumn and winter months.

 

If you have spotted any newt larvae or newtlets, make sure to record them on our Dragon Finder App!

Filed Under: What our animals are doing this month Tagged With: efts, Great Crested Newts, larvae, newts, palmate newt, smooth newt, what our animals are doing this month

Croaking Science: The international trade in reptiles and amphibians

July 21, 2022 by Roger Downie

Part 1: Reptiles

Roger Downie, Froglife and University of Glasgow

You can read part 2 of this series here.

Froglife recognises that some people derive their interest in and enthusiasm for reptiles and amphibians through keeping them, and that most such hobbyists do their utmost to provide the best conditions they can for the animals in their care. Nevertheless, Froglife’s view is that the life of these animals in captivity rarely meets their needs, especially in the case of animals which have been captured in the wild and then transported over long distances, prior to their sale and eventual residence in an enthusiast’s home. There are three fundamental issues facing the international trade in reptiles and amphibians. First, what impact does the trade have on the conservation status of these species, especially when we consider that amphibians are recognised as the most threatened of the terrestrial vertebrates (and reptiles may not be so different)? Second, to what extent does international trade in live wild animals contribute to the spread of diseases, both of wildlife and of humans? Third, how does the trade impact on the animals’ welfare? In two Croaking Science articles we will examine the international wildlife trade: first, reptiles.

Since 1975, the international trade in wildlife has been partially regulated by the Convention in International Trade in Species (CITES) of wild flora and fauna, which most countries (180+) have ratified. CITES regulates trade in species where trade might threaten their survival. Species are listed under three Appendices: 1- species threatened by extinction: only non-commercial trade under exceptional circumstances is permitted; 2- trade is regulated in order to avoid utilization incompatible with survival; 3- species threatened in a single country which therefore wishes to limit trade. Currently, 6.6% of reptile species (875 of 13,283) are on Appendices 1 and 2, including all crocodilians, sea turtles and boas/pythons.

Analysis of CITES data on the reptile trade by Marshall et al. (2020) shows that five genera (Alligator, Caiman, Python, Crocodylus, Varanus) comprise 84% of legally traded items. Most of this is skins for the fashion industry, and about 50% of this is not wild caught: i.e. it is derived from farmed animals. However, Marshall et al. also show that CITES regulations only cover a small proportion of internationally traded reptile species. Many animals are traded using the internet, mostly as part of the exotic pet trade: their estimate is that at least 36% of all reptile species are traded to some extent (compared to only 6.6% of species being CITES listed). To give a feel for the numbers involved, Auliya et al. (2016) calculated that the EU alone legally imported 20.8 million live reptiles over the period 2004-14. These numbers are certainly underestimates of the full trade. Sung et al. (2021) have shown that many freshwater and terrestrial chelonians are sold without regulation via social media sites (Hong Kong has one of the largest markets), and that much of this involves illegally harvested specimens. Worse, Stringham et al. (2021) report that a proportion of such trade does not occur on ‘observable sections of the internet’ i.e. it happens on the dark web. Vamberger et al. (2020) report that around 100,000 star tortoises are illegally collected and exported from India each year: many are confiscated and released, but the lack of data on where they were collected means that they are released in inappropriate locations, contributing to loss of local adaptations. Harrington et al. (2021) analysed information held by Facebook on wild animal exports from Togo, an important trade hub in west Africa. Of 187 species traded, 102 were reptiles, most of them not evaluated for the IUCN Red List, nor on CITES appendices.  Can et al. (2019) found Peru to be the biggest contributor to the trade in live reptiles, 1.7 million individuals over 5 years. 

The number of described species of reptiles increases by about 200 each year (see the on-line Reptile Database). One of Marshall et al.’s more disturbing findings is that recently-described species are being traded soon after their formal identification and well before their ranges, ecology and conservation status can be properly assessed. Altherr and Lameter’s (2020) analysis of the live amphibian and reptile trade in Germany (2017-18) found that 46 of the species traded had only been described by science in the previous decade, with most still lacking IUCN assessments: they concluded that for some hobbyists, a major motivation is the rarity and novelty of the animals.

So, is the international trade in reptiles a threat to their survival? One argument is that a well-regulated sustainable trade (i.e. based only on animals which can be harvested without damaging the state of wild populations) can provide an income for people who live in poverty in tropical countries that are rich in wildlife: the income gives an incentive to manage the wildlife resources well, rather than destroying them (Tapley et al. 2011). This is an extension of the idea that big game hunting helps conserve populations of charismatic large mammals in Africa. It is problematic in several ways: for example, do the poor people get much of the income flowing from wildlife harvesting, and which examples show human populations are capable of long-term sustainable wildlife harvesting (certainly not fishing)? For reptiles, Marshall et al. argue that we need a new basis for regulation founded on the precautionary principle: i.e. populations should be shown to be sustainable before any harvesting is permitted. Macdonald et al. (2021) agree: their analysis of the wildlife trade identifies ‘ten tricky issues’ inherent in both the legal and illegal trades, and concludes that the onus should be on traders to demonstrate that their trade is sustainable, humane and safe (with respect to disease and ecological invasion risks). The covid pandemic has concentrated concerns that international movements of wildlife contribute to disease spread (Can et al., 2019), but reptiles have not so far been focused on. And it is well known that exotic species of reptiles are often found in the wild, having been released as no longer wanted pets: depending on their origins, they may be able to establish populations.

Next, issues of welfare. As noted above, most of the trade regulated by CITES is in reptile skins. So any welfare issues relate to how the skins are harvested and how the animals are kept, if farmed (a future Croaking Science will investigate welfare conditions on reptile and amphibian farms). However, the larger reptile trade by species numbers is in live animals for the exotic pet trade. Welfare issues arise during the capture, transport and retail phases of this trade, as well as at the final location that the animals live. Not surprisingly, evidence on welfare in the illegal wildlife trade is hard to come by, but this is true even of the legal trade.  Baker et al. (2013) reviewed 292 published papers on the live wildlife trade and found that only 17% included any reference to welfare, and these mainly applied to mammals. Wyatt et al.’s (2022) more recent review shows that this lack of information remains the case, and they argue that welfare issues ought to be at the forefront of discussions on how to reform the live wildlife trade. They quote an EU study that estimated that 70% of animals die within six weeks at commercial animal supply houses, and that 75% of pet reptiles and amphibians die within their first year, as a result of inappropriate care. Ashley et al. (2014) reported on what might seem an extreme case: the entire stock (26,400 animals from 171 species) held by the US company Global Exotics in Texas was confiscated following an inspection which showed 80% of the animals were grossly sick, injured or actually dead, with the remainder judged as in sub-optimal condition. During the 10 days following the confiscation, the mortality rate of the reptiles was 42%. Contributory factors were poor hygiene, poor food, inadequate water and heat provision, high levels of stress, over-crowding and poor or minimal environmental enrichment. In the subsequent court case, the company claimed that their mortality rates were similar to the industry standard! Harrington et al.’s work on the Togo wildlife trade also found welfare standards to be poor: no enrichment; poor shelter provision; inadequate space and water. The complexity and flexibility of reptile behaviour is increasingly being appreciated: see Lambert et al.’s (2019) review on reptile sentience and Downie (2021) on welfare and enrichment in captive reptiles.

In summary, the international trade in live reptiles may be contributing to biodiversity decline and is certainly causing suffering to a huge number of animals, especially when the trade is illegal and unregulated. What can be done? Restricting supply is the approach generally advocated, through attempts to stop poaching and by improved customs checks, but these suffer from poor resources in the countries where the animals live, and most emphasis tends to be on charismatic mammals like elephants and rhinos, rather than on reptiles. Thomas-Walters et al. (2021) focus on the factors that generate demand for wildlife: as noted above, some people are motivated by novelty, or rarity, so possessing a species few others have, rather like rich people who own expensive paintings. Thomas-Walters et al. identified five general motivations: experiential, social, functional, financial and spiritual, and discussed ways of reducing demand in each category.  A UK government initiative, the Illegal Wildlife Trade Challenge Fund provides significant funding for projects aimed at combatting the illegal trade in wildlife, mostly in mammals, but projects on reptiles have been supported. Another angle is to focus on improving welfare. This is a tricky argument if one’s basic contention is that keeping captive wild reptiles should be stopped, since improved welfare standards might reduce the force of that overall aim. However, given that keeping wild reptiles in captivity is unlikely to stop soon, it is at least reasonable to urge for improved welfare standards. Williams and Jackson (2016) surveyed information available on welfare standards for reptiles in the UK pet trade, in the context of the UK’s Animal Welfare Act (2006) which provides guidance for the welfare of common companion animals, but not for reptiles. They found that some pet shops provided excellent advice on reptile care, but that many did not: e.g. only 8% gave advice on signs of ill health. The Federation of British Herpetologists has published ‘Good Practice Guidelines, 2015’ for private keepers of reptiles and amphibians, but Warwick’s review (on-line) is very critical of many of its claims, while accepting that some of the advice is helpful.

You can read part 2 of this series here.

References

Alterr, S. and Lameter, K. 2020. The rush for the rare: reptiles and amphibians in the European pet trade. Animals 10, 1-14.

Ashley, S et al. 2014. Morbidity and mortality of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and mammals at a major exotic companion animal wholesaler. Journal of applied animal welfare science 17, 308-321.

Auliya, M. et al. 2016. Trade in live reptiles, its impact on wild populations, and the role of the European market. Biological Conservation 204, 103-119.

Baker, S.E. et al. 2013. Rough trade; animal welfare in the global wildlife trade. Bioscience 63, 928-938.

Can, O.E. et al. 2019. Dealing in deadly pathogens: taking stock of the legal trade in live wildlife and potential risks to human health. Global Ecology and Conservation 17, e00515.

Downie, J.R. 2021. Environmental enrichment and welfare in captive reptiles. Natterchat 23, 6-9.

Harrington, L.A. et al. 2021. Live wild animal exports to supply the exotic pet trade: a case study from Togo using publicly available social media data. Conservation Science and Practice 3, e340.

Lambert, H.S. et al. 2019. Given the cold shoulder: a review of the scientific literature for evidence of reptile sentience. Animals 9, 821.

Macdonald, D.W. et al. 2021. Trading animal lives: ten tricky issues on the road to protecting commodified wild animals. Bioscience 71, 846-860.

Marshall, B.M. et al. 2020. Thousands of reptile species threatened by under-regulated global trade. Nature Communications 11, 4738.

Stringham, O.C. et al. 2021. A guide to using the internet to monitor and quantify the wildlife trade. Conservation Biology 35, 1130-1139.

Sung, Y-H. et al. 2021, Prevalence of illegal turtle trade on social media and implications for wildlife trade monitoring. Biological Conservation 261, 109245.

Tapley, B. et al. 2011. Dynamics of the trade in reptiles and amphibians within the UK over a ten year period. Herpetological Journal 21, 27-34.

Thomas-Walters, D. et al. 2021. Motivation for the use and consumption of wildlife products. Conservation Biology 35, 483.

Vamberger, M. et al. 2020. Already too late? Massive trade in Indian star tortoises might have wiped out its phylogenetic differentiation. Amphibia-Reptilia 41, 133-138.

Warwick, C. (on-line). Review: ‘Good practice guidelines for the welfare of privately kept reptiles and amphibians (2015).

Williams, D. and Jackson, R. 2016. Availability of information on reptile health and welfare from stores selling reptiles. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 6, 59-67.

Wyatt, T. et al. 2022. The welfare of wildlife : an interdisciplinary analysis of harm in the legal and illegal wildlife trades and possible ways forward. Crime, Law and Social Change 77, 69-89.

 

 

 

Filed Under: Croaking Science Tagged With: Croaking Science, Exotic Reptiles, International Trade, Pet Trade, reptiles, welfare

Activity: Hapa-Zome

July 21, 2022 by Rosie Walker

Have you heard of Hapa-Zome?

Hapa-Zome is an incredible craft originating from the Japanese art of Tataki Zome. Tataki means to pound or hammer, and when applied to flowers this is where the magical art happens! A simple search on the internet will bring up incredibly inspiring creations, the method of pounding the leaves and flowers with the fabric brings the different botanical dyes to the fabric.

Want to try it at home? All you need is some cotton, we love using Calico, an assortment of flowers and leaves from your garden, a hard surface and either a hammer or palm sized rock!

We love this craft as it allows you to be as precise or messy as you like! You can either arrange your foraged leaves and flowers on half of the fabric to create a picture or scene. Or perhaps you are a messy artist? In that case just throw them on!

 

Fold the material in half so all the plants are covered, place on a hard surface such as a wooden block and get hammering! You will quickly see the dyes coming though, imprints forming or explosions of colour appearing!

Finally, open the fabric and peel away the leaves. Voila your Hapa-Zome or Tataki-Zome is complete! We would love to see your creations so be sure to tag us in any social media posts!

This craft is great for all ages and abilities, just to be sure you don’t hit any fingers and of course be mindful what species of plants you are collecting as some are toxic.

Filed Under: Activities Tagged With: Activity, art, Craft, Fabric, Flowers, Hapa-Zome, Inspired by nature, Leaves, Rocks

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